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Chicago - book
Chicago (footnote & bibliography) style uses in-text citations, footnotes and a bibliography.
Check with your lecturer whether they require the full footnote and shortened footnote, or just the shortened footnote with your bibliography.
In-text citations
Add a superscript number in your text to show when you are using another person's ideas or words.
... as described by Cowan, this has only recently been identified.1
Footnotes
The in-text citation directs the reader to a note (footnote) at the bottom of the page. The footnote contains information about the source you are citing, include the page number(s) of the page/paragraph within the item you are referring to. When citing the same source again, use the shorter footnote formats.
Footnotes are placed in numerical order at the bottom of the page. On a new page, footnote numbering continues. In a new chapter, footnote numbering starts from 1.
See also: multiple works by the same author, one source cited in another, similar information from multiple works, abbreviations.
One author
Full Footnote format
1. Author First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publishers, Year of Publication), page number(s).
Examples
1. Christine Bellamy, Critical Research in Education (Auckland: Penguin Books, 1999), 200.
2. Eric J. Russell, In Command of Guardians: Executive Servant Leadership for the Community of Responders (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019), 30.
3. Marcus Turner, Fundamental Questions in Literature (New York: Routledge, 2016), 120.
Shortened Footnote format
Use authors' last names only. If the book title is longer than four words, shorten it.
1. Author Last Name, Title of Book, page number.
Examples
1. Bellamy, Critical Research in Education, 238.
2. Russell, In Command of Guardians, 41.
3. Turner, Fundamental Questions in Literature, 155.
Two or three authors
List authors in the order in which they appear in the source.
Full Footnote format
1. Author One First Name Last Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication),page number(s).
Examples
1. Margaret Chan, and Tom Kemp, Anthropological Perspectives on Performance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 50.
2. Annette McArthur, Marie Goode, and Ian Henare. Visual Sites of Resistance (Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2013), 300.
3. Max Mojapelo, and Sello Galane. Beyond Memory Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music (Somerset West, South Africa: African Minds, 2008), 38.
Shorthened Footnote format
Use authors' last names only. If the book title is longer than four words, shorten it.
1. Author One, Author Two, and Author Three, Title of Book, page number(s).
Examples
1. Chan and Kemp, Anthropological Perspectives on Performance, 62.
2. McArthur, Goode, and Henare, Visual Sites of Resistance, 307.
3. Mojapelo and Galane. Beyond Memory Recording, 48.
Four to ten authors
Full Footnote format
List the first author only followed by et al.
1. Author One First Name Last Name et al., Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s).
Examples
1. Simon Jenson et al., Technoculture Analysis (London: Thames & Hudson, 2001), 20.
2. Julia Miller et al., Gender and Literature (New York: Routledge, 2016), 125.
3. Maanak Gupta et al. Access Control Models and Architectures for IoT and Cyber Physical Systems. (Cham, CH: Springer, 2022), 25.
Shortended Footnote format
Use first author's last name only.
1. Author One et al., Title of Book, page number.
Examples
1. Jenson et al., Technoculture Analysis, 25.
2. Miller et al., Gender and Literature, 163.
3. Gupta et al., Access Control Models, 56.
Eleven or more authors
Full Footnote format
List the first author only followed by et al.
1. Author One First Name Last Name et al., Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s).
Examples
1. Addis et al., Media in New Zealand (Christchurch: Baker & Bennett, 1998), 200.
2. Seymour et al., Politics of the Public Sphere (New York: Routledge, 2015), 12.
3. Wilson et al., Architectural Structures (Auckland: University Press, 2020), 25.
Shortened Footnote format
Use first author's last name only followed by et al.
1. Author One Last Name et al., Title of Book, page number.
Examples
1. Addis et al., Media in New Zealand, 253.
2. Seymour et al., Politics of the Public, 39.
3. Wilson et al., Architectural Structures, 45.
Organisation as author
Include any introductory articles in the organisation name, e.g., ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’.
Full Footnote format
1. Organisation Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publishers, Year of Publication), page number(s).
Examples
1. The Courtauld Institute of Art, Learning About Art (London: Phaidon, 2002), 113.
2. World Health Organization, Promoting Health in an Urban Framework (Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization), 2014, 36.
3. Wise Group, Working Well From Home (Wellington: Blueprint for Learning, 2020), 28.
Shortened Footnote format
1. Organisation Name, Title of Book, page number.
Footnote examples
1. The Courtauld Institute of Art, Learning About Art, 116.
2. World Health Organization, Promoting Health, 41.
3. Wise Group. Working Well From Home, 34.
Unknown author
Include any introductory articles in the book title, e.g., ‘A’, ‘The’, or ‘An’. Ignore articles when alphabetically ordering the bibliography.
Full Footnote format
1. Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s).
Examples
1. Decoding Symbols: An Encyclopaedia (London: Penguin Books, 1995), 136.
2. Principles of Science Fantasy (Amsterdam: Black Books, 2001), 66.
3. An Illustrated Dictionary of Signs and Symbols (New York: Macmillan, 2006), 34.
Shortened Footnote format
If the book title is longer than four words, shorten it.
1. Title of Book, page number.
Examples
1. Decoding Symbols, 206.
2. Principles of Science Fantasy, 77.
3. Illustrated Dictionary of Signs, 43.
Edited book
Note: This should not be confused with referencing a chapter/section from an edited book.
Full Footnote format
1. Editor First Name Last Name, ed., Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s).
Examples
1. Nathan Harrington, ed., Language Teaching (Sydney: Graywolf Press, 2001), 37.
2. Jonathan Edgar, ed., The Best New Zealand Short Stories (Wellington: Greymouth Press, 2022), 35.
3. Amy Smith and Bridget Brown, eds., Sustainability in Practice (Vancouver: Northwoods Press, 2026), 5.
Shortened Footnote format
1. Editor(s) Last Name, Title of Book, page number.
Footnote examples
1. Harrington, Language Teaching, 370.
2. Edgar, New Zealand Short Stories, 65.
3. Smith and Brown, Sustainability in Practice, 15.
Chapter/section by the author of the book
Chapter or section from a book written by the book's author(s):
Full Footnote format
1. Author First Name Last Name, "Chapter Title," in Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s).
Examples
1. Geoffrey Atkinson, "Inclusive Education for Reflective Practice," in Special Needs in Education (Melbourne: Pearson, 2012), 37.
2. Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, “The Origins of Life,” in Figments of Reality: The Evolution of the Curious Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 22.
3. Gillian Healy et al., "Analytical Methods of Sound and Style," in Musicology for Beginners (London: Southwoods Press, 2016), 360-361.
Shortened Footnote format
1. Author's Last Name, "Chapter Title," page number.
Examples
1. Atkinson, "Inclusive Education," 71.
2. Stewart and Cohen, "The Origins of Life," 30.
3. Healy et al., "Analytical Methods of Sound," 372.
Chapter/section in an edited book
Chapter or section from an edited book:
Full Footnote format
1. Chapter Author's First Name Last Name, "Chapter Title," in Title of Book, ed. Editor's First Name Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s).
Example
1. Amelia Holmes, "Intercultural Communication," in Communication and World Literature, ed. Robyn Minto (Sydney: Pearson, 2011), 78.
2. Robyn Trinick and Luama Sauni, "Sāsā: More Than Just a Dance," in Intersecting Cultures in Music and Dance Education: An Oceanic Perspective, eds. Linda Ashley, and David Lines (Cham, CH: Springer, 2016), 60.
3. Steven O'Connor et al., "New Zealand Colonial History Revisted," in Settlers and Empire: Making New Zealand, ed. Victor K. Tamati (Wellington: Awa Press, 2015), 155-56.
Shortened Footnote format
1. Chapter Author's Last Name, "Chapter Title," page number(s).
Examples
1. Holmes, "Intercultural Communication," 84.
2. Trinick and Sauni, "Sāsā," 65.
3. O'Connor et al., "New Zealand Colonial History," 173.
Chapter/section with a Book Series Title
When referencing a chapter from a particular volume, where there are multiple volumes in a series, each with individual titles, use the following format.
Chapter/section by the author of the book
Full Footnote format
1. Chapter Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Chapter Title,” in Title of That Volume, Vol. number, Book Series Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s).
Example
1. Colette Cauvin, Francisco Bescobard, and Aziz Serradj, “Cartographic Design,” in Thematic Cartography and Transformations, Vol. 2, Thematic Cartography (London: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), 390.
Shortened Footnote format
1. Chapter Author(s) Last Name, "Chapter Title," page number.
Example
1. Cauvin, Escobar, and Serradj, “Cartographic Design,” 395.
Chapter/section in an edited book
Full Footnote format
1. Chapter Author(s) First Name Last Name, “Chapter Title,” in Title of That Volume, Vol. number, ed. Editor(s) First Name Last Name, vol. number, Book Series Title, ed. Editor(s) of Series First Name Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication), page number(s).
Example
1. Raewyn Dalziel, “Southern Islands: New Zealand and Polynesia,” in The Nineteenth Century, ed. Andrew Porter, vol. III, The Oxford History of the British Empire, ed. Roger Louis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 574.
Shortened Footnote format
1. Chapter Author(s) Last Name, "Chapter Title," page number.
Example
1. Dalziel, “Southern Islands,” 580.
Citing the same source again
When footnote references to the same source follow each other, with no other references in-between, use the shorter footnote form:
1. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 37.
2. Archer, 40.
3. Archer, 40.
4. Wall, Truth and Meaning, 324.
5. Archer, "Crisis and Change," 43.
Note: Chicago 17th edition discourages the use of 'ibid.' in favour of this shorter format.
Bibliography
Add a full bibliography to the end of your essay. This is a list of all sources cited in your work (except personal communications), plus any appropriate background readings not cited, arranged alphabetically by the author's last name.
The first line of each reference should be aligned with the left margin. Second and subsequent lines should be indented three spaces (0.3cm).
Please see the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) if your work does not require a full bibliography.
In the bibliography, specify which edition of the book you have consulted, as shown in the examples below.
For electronic sources (such as e-books and e-journals) add either the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), e.g., https://doi.org/10.1080/1057356030207; the stable URL; or the database name at the end of the bibliographic reference.
One author
Bibliography format
Format (Print)
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Format (Electronic) with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Format (Electronic) from a Database
Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Examples
Print Book
Bellamy, Christine. Critical Research in Education. Auckland: Penguin Books, 1999.
Electronic Book with a DOI
Russell, Eric. J. In Command of Guardians: Executive Servant Leadership for the Community of Responders. 2nd ed. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12493-9.
Electronic Book from a Database
Turner, Marcus. Fundamental Questions in Literature. Rev. ed. New York: Routledge, 2016. EBSCOhost.
Two or three authors
Bibliography format
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e., Last name, First name).
Format (Print)
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Format (Electronic) with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Format (Electronic) from a Database
Author One Last Name, First Name, Author Two First Name Last Name, and Author Three First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Examples
Print Book
Chan, Margaret, and Tom Kemp. Anthropological Perspectives on Performance. 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
Electronic Book with a DOI
McArthur, Annette, Marie Goode, and Ian Henare. Visual Sites of Resistance. Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1323/acprof:oso/8720189223639.001.0006.
Electronic Book from a Database
Mojapelo, Max, and Sello Galane. Beyond Memory Recording the History, Moments and Memories of South African Music. Somerset West, South Africa: African Minds, 2008. Project MUSE.
Four to ten authors
Bibliography format
Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e., Last name, First name).
Format (Print)
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Format (Electronic) with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Format (Electronic) from a Database
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, Author Eight, Author Nine, and Author Ten. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Examples
Print Book
Jenson, Simon, Eric K. Hanson, Jessica Bashiri, Joanna Harper, and Sam Morland. Technoculture Analysis. 2nd ed. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001.
Electronic Book with a DOI
Miller, Julia, Tatiana Barton, Phillip Yang, Vivian An, Warren Austin, Ian Tindall, Colin T. Robertson, and Neil Gardener. Gender and Literature. New York: Routledge, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1323/acprof:oso/8720189223639.001.0006.
Electronic Book from a Database
Gupta, Maanak, Smriti Bhatt, Asma Hassan Alshehri, and Ravi Sandhu. Access Control Models and Architectures for IoT and Cyber Physical Systems. Cham, CH: Springer, 2022. Springer EBA.
Eleven or more authors
Bibliography format
List only the first seven authors, followed by 'et al'. Reverse the order of the first author's name only (i.e., Last name, First name).
Format (Print)Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Format (Electronic) with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Format (Electronic) from a Database
Author One, Author Two, Author Three, Author Four, Author Five, Author Six, Author Seven, et al. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Examples
Print Book
Addis, Bruce, Cynthia Holden, Nuala Bishop, Patrick Tong, Mark Zwi, Rita Shortridge, Maria L. Ritchie, et al. Media in New Zealand. 4th ed. Christchurch: Baker & Bennett, 1998.
Electronic Book with a DOI
Seymour, Leslie, Deanna Anderson, Michael Han, Kathleen Reid, Warren P. Chambers, Kavita Mitchell, Benjamin Park, et al. Politics of the Public Sphere. New York: Routledge, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1323/acprof:oso/9720189213639.001.0002.
Electronic Book from a Database
Wilson, Stu, Dane Coles, Dan Carter, Michael Hooper, Gavin Hastings, Michael Jones, Sid Going, et al. Architectural Structures: Viewed in the New Zealand Setting. Auckland: University Press, 2020. EBSCO eBook Collection.
Organisation as an author
Bibliography format
Where the organisation is both author and publisher, include the organisation name in both places. Ignore articles when alphabetically ordering the bibliography.
Format (Print)
Organisation Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Format (Electronic) with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Organisation Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Format (Electronic) from a Database
Organisation Name. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Examples
Print Book
The Courtauld Institute of Art. Learning About Art. 2nd ed. London: Phaidon, 2002.
Electronic Book with a DOI
World Health Organization. Promoting Health in an Urban Framework. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4521/2543685412.
Electronic Book from a Database
Wise Group. Working Well From Home. Wellington: Blueprint for Learning, 2020. NDHA Books.
Unknown author
Bibliography format
Format (Print)
Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Format (Electronic) with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Format (Electronic) from a Database
Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Examples
Print Book
Decoding Symbols: An Encyclopaedia. Rev. ed. London: Penguin Books, 1995.
Electronic Book with a DOI
Principles of Science Fantasy. Amsterdam: Black Books, 2001. https://doi.org/10.123.sci456.2020.
Electronic Book from a Database
An Illustrated Dictionary of Signs and Symbols. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 2006. ProQuest ebrary.
Edited book
Bibliography format
Follow the editor(s) name with 'ed.' or 'eds.'.
Format (Print)
Editor Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Format (Electronic) with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Editor Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Format (Electronic) from a Database
Editor Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Examples
Print Book
Harrington, Nathan, ed. Language Teaching. Sydney: Graywolf Press, 2001.
Electronic Book with a DOI
Edgar, Jonathan, ed. The Best New Zealand Short Stories, 2022. Wellington: Greymouth Press. https://doi.org/10.123.ss67nz.234x.
Electronic Book from a Database
Smith, Amy and Bridget Brown, eds. Sustainability in Practice. Vancouver: Northwoods Press, 2006. ProQuest ebrary.
Chapter/section by the author of the book
Bibliography format
Format (Print)
Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Format (Electronic) with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Format (Electronic) from a Database
Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Examples
Print Book
Atkinson, Geoffrey. "Inclusive Education for Reflective Practice." In Special Needs in Education, 36-74. Melbourne: Pearson, 2012.
Electronic Book with a DOI
Stewart, Ian, and Jack Cohen. “The Origins of Life.” In Figments of Reality: The Evolution of the Curious Mind, 5–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. https//doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541384.003.
Electronic Book from a Database
Healy, Gillian, Sam Smith, Andy Gibb, and Tom Jones. "Analytical Methods of Sound and Style." In Musicology for Beginners, 351-385. London: Southwoods Press, 2016. ProQuest ebrary.
Chapter/section in an edited book
Bibliography format
Format (Print)
Chapter Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Format (Electronic) with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Chapter Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. https://doi.org/xxx.
Format (Electronic) from a Database
Chapter Author's Last Name, First Name. "Chapter Title." In Title of Book, edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, page number range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database.
Examples
Print Book
Holmes, Amelia. "Intercultural Communication." In Communication and World Literature, edited by Robyn Minto, 76-92. Sydney: Pearson, 2011.
Electronic Book with a DOI
Trinick, Robyn, and Luama Sauni. "Sāsā: More Than Just a Dance." In Intersecting Cultures in Music and Dance Education: An Oceanic Perspective, edited by Linda Ashley, and David Lines, 49-65. Cham, CH: Springer, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28989-2_4.
Electronic Book from a Database
O'Connor, Steven, Michael Owen, Sara Clarke, and Bill Robinson. "New Zealand Colonial History Revisted." In Settlers and Empire: Making New Zealand, edited by Victor K. Tamati, 151-80. Wellington: Awa Press, 2015. ProQuest ebrary.
Chapter/section with a Book Series Title
When referencing a chapter from a particular volume, where there are multiple volumes in a series, each with individual titles, use the following format.
Chapter/section by the author of the book
Bibliography format
Chapter Author's Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title.” In Title of That Volume, page number range. Vol. number, bk. number of Book Series Title, edited by Book Series Editor First Name Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Example
Cauvin, Colette, Francisco Escobar, and Aziz Serradj. “Cartographic Design”. In Thematic Cartography and Transformations, 371-96. Vol. 2, bk. 1, of Thematic Cartography. London: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
Chapter/section in an edited book
Bibliography format
Chapter Author's Last Name, First Name. “Chapter Title.” In Title of That Volume, edited by Editor(s) First Name Last Name, page number range. Vol. number of Book Series Title, edited by Book Series Editor(s) First Name Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Example
Dalziel, Raewyn. “Southern Islands: New Zealand and Polynesia”. In The Nineteenth Century, edited by Andrew Porter, 573-596. Vol. III of The Oxford History of the British Empire, edited by Roger Louis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Bibliography for the Chicago section of Referen©ite
The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz
For further information please consult this source directly.